奈沙馬蘭的文化觀點-靈異象限

撇開近期的兩部新作,我更喜歡從靈異第六感到靈異象限那段時期的奈沙馬蘭。相信觀眾開始認識奈沙馬蘭,也大多都從「靈異第六感」這部電影開始,影評們開始注意奈沙馬蘭獨特的驚悚風格也由此而始,「靈異第六感」確實有資格成為一部心理驚悚片的巔峰,而接下來奈沙馬蘭推出的「驚心動魄」,雖然評價不一,但我覺得這部片仍然是一部充滿創意的佳作,且其票房表現也不差,而最近推出的「靈異象限」,雖然也評價不一,但票房仍然展現出影片的魅力,而且仍有不少影評讚譽奈沙馬蘭將是二十一世紀的希區考克;到底奈沙馬蘭的魅力何在?其連續三部自編自導的電影是不是有什麼連貫的主題?起碼,最顯而易見的就是奈沙馬蘭對於異()文化的興趣,先是「靈異第六感」對於「傳說」中「鬼」的精采描繪,再來是「驚心動魄」中從「漫畫」中的「超人」與「魔王」入手,以及「靈異象限」對「科幻」的「外星人」的著墨,這些被日常社會視為界於「真假之間」的概念,奈沙馬蘭透過對其的敘說,是否要向觀眾表達什麼?以下,我們就從「靈異象限」開始進入探索奈沙馬蘭的奇異驚悚世界。

大多數對於「靈異象限」的介紹或評論,是圍繞在片中「信念」的這個主題;「信念」的本質為何,確實是這部電影的劇情所要探討的,梅爾吉勃遜飾演的牧師,因為喪妻之痛而動搖了對上帝的信仰,而在其一家經歷過了外星人的襲擊後,梅爾吉勃遜才重新體悟到了信仰的真諦,就像電影中梅爾吉勃遜自己說的,一個意外你可以把其看作機運,也可以把其看作啟示,你可以說這個世界完全是自然碰撞,也可以說這個世界充滿意義;其實整體來說我覺得奈沙馬蘭的劇本寫得最一氣呵成的就是「靈異象限」,最終主題明確,而且所有的情節與伏筆都能與主題有所呼應,非常符合一部通俗驚悚片的基本娛樂要求,以梅爾吉勃遜為中心,老婆車禍遺言、女兒對水過敏、兒子氣喘、弟弟執著於揮棒、獸醫的推測等等支節劇情,都指向了劇本最終要討論的「偶然」與「必然」的雙重命題。

不過,一部好的藝術作品,通常都不是要直接告訴你人生大道理,而是要帶著你一起歷經思考的過程,最後還要你自己去決定什麼才是人生大道理;「靈異象限」其實也有這樣的企圖,雖然其劇情講的明明白白,不過與其說電影要鼓勵我們重拾信念,不如說電影是要已經具有某些信念的我們,重新去思考我們是如何獲得這些信念的。

而能夠體現「靈異象限」的這個企圖的,主要不是在它的劇情說了什麼,而是在於電影「如何的說」著這樣一個外星人故事;很多國外影評認為奈沙馬蘭是「本世紀最會說故事的導演」之一,也就是「故事」本身是其次,最重要的是奈沙馬蘭怎麼樣「去說」好一個普通的故事?而這一點我們可以在奈沙馬蘭的鏡頭運用下看出端倪:我看完「靈異象限」最震撼的一點,就是其完全顛覆了以往外星人入侵電影的敘事模式;通常如「ID4」一類的外星人入侵電影,皆是以「大視角」出發,從世界、宇宙的角度敘述外星人如何進入地球,從國家、社會的角度敘述人類如何團結抵抗外星人,中間雖然穿插了幾個英雄,但是這些英雄完全服從於國族主義之下,他們代表的是人類精神與幸福,而與個人無涉;可是「靈異象限」完全顛覆了這條規則,電影中的主角們是小的不能再渺小的個人,電影中完全沒有什麼人類存亡的口號綱領,只有個人對於未知生物的單純懼怕,電影中的世界也不在於什麼國家民族,而是一個小小的農莊,電影裡少不了與外星人的戰鬥,但是這場戰鬥並非是滿天的飛機纏鬥,而是在小客廳中的一對一單挑,「靈異象限」以其獨特的「小視角」,為我們帶來全新的外星人入侵體驗,並且我們終於發現,在核彈與飛碟、總統與英雄之下,小市民是如何的去「看到」這場浩劫;當然,「靈異象限」中還是有「大視角」敘述外星人如何入侵地球,不過這個「大視角」被貶低到一個小小的「電視」之中,而且是從「小視角」中所看到的「大視角」。

因此,「靈異象限」其實是一個漂亮的反諷,觀眾對於「外星人入侵」既有的「期待視野」是奈沙馬蘭的籌碼,而電影中對於觀眾「期待視野」的翻轉,是奈沙馬蘭一次精采的下注;這就是奈沙馬蘭三部電影中維持一貫的獨特風格,也是其「驚悚」的原動力,在「靈異第六感」中,導演先引誘觀眾進入心理醫生(布魯斯威利)的視角,等到觀眾習慣了跟著醫生一起思考以後,導演才告訴我們原來醫生才是真正的鬼,導演在電影最後忽然把觀看的角度從醫生移回小男孩身上,原本已經陷入以醫生的角度觀看、思考整部電影的觀眾,這時候忽然得經由「看得到鬼」的小男孩的眼睛把整部電影重新觀看一便,而這時同樣的事情卻產生了完全不同的意義;至於「驚心動魄」也同樣的對觀眾的觀看進行挑戰,一般的超人電影中好人壞人在電影一開始就已經確定對立,但是這部電影卻回到漫畫中是非分明的超人與魔王的對決故事的「開始之前」,告訴我們原來超人與魔王是怎麼誕生的,奈沙馬蘭同樣的繼續對觀眾的期待進行誘騙與顛覆。

我們可以說,奈沙馬蘭的電影在電影開場前就已經開始上演,奈沙馬蘭劇本中的故事時間不是開始於電影之中,而是開始於整個文化脈絡之中;我們對於鬼的傳說,我們對於漫畫英雄的崇拜,我們對於外星人入侵的謠言,才是奈沙馬蘭劇本與電影的開始,我們在進電影院前電影已經在每個觀眾的期待視野中悄悄撥放,而電影院一開場就是劇情的轉折,就像「靈異第六感」中主角一開始就死亡,「靈異象限」中玉米田的圖騰馬上就出現一樣,奈沙馬蘭並不花力氣去醞釀玉米田圖騰出現的高潮,因為觀眾早已經在心中醞釀完畢了。

這就是為什麼那麼多影評要把奈沙馬蘭拿來和希區考克相提並論的原因,希區考克的驚悚並非來自於突然跳出來嚇你的鬼怪,而是來自於對現代主義靠攏的心理驚悚,在希區考克電影中真正嚇人的是人的心,是生活在現代社會下浮躁、虛無的人心,就像「驚魂記」中熱天午後心生歹念的女主角,與人質格分裂的兇手,他們都是現代社會的象徵,而這些象徵才真正嚇人;奈沙馬蘭同樣的從整個社會文化的角度來營造驚悚,其所要揭露的,不只是那些在電影中嚇嚇你的東西,而是整個文化中已經含有驚悚的本質的這個嚇人的事實。

「驚聲尖叫三」中說,三部曲的第三部必須要對前作的精神作一總結,如果說「靈異象限」可以算是奈沙馬蘭三部曲的第三部的話,那麼其的總結就是:驚悚被非來自於嚇你的東西,而是來自於被嚇的你自身,是來自於你的「觀看」,以及讓你為什麼這樣觀看的那個「期待」(文化),就像「靈異象限」裡外星人一直到最後才現身,之前的驚悚完全來自於鬼影幢幢的人心,而最後驚悚的克服,同樣來自於人心的觀看;因此,奈沙馬蘭的驚悚三部曲,其實是對文化心理的挖掘,在這挖掘過程中勢必有許多讓我們改變觀點的驚悚,但最後的驚悚克服,還是有賴於我們全新的觀看;世界以及一切與世界有關的信念,其實皆來自於我們如何去觀看。

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